ΡΗΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΡΗΤΟΡΕΙΕΣ

Μιλάνε για καιρούς δοξασμένους και πάλι

Άννα, μην κλαις, θα γυρέψουμε βερεσέ απ’ το μπακάλη

Μιλάνε για του έθνους ξανά την τιμή

Άννα, μην κλαις, στο ντουλάπι δεν έχει ψίχα ψωμί

Μιλάνε για νίκες που το μέλλον θα φέρει

Άννα, μην κλαις, εμένα δε με βάζουν στο χέρι

Ο στρατός ξεκινά, Άννα, μην κλαις, θα γυρίσω ξανά

Θα ακολουθώ άλλες σημαίες, ο στρατός ξεκινά

Μιλάνε για καιρούς δοξασμένους...

H ΤΕΧΝΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΙΘΟΥΣ                             *ΡΗΤΟΡΕΙΑ - ΡΗΤΟΡΙΚΗ   Δέκα ρητορικοί τρόποι  Η ρητορική είναι η τέχνη της πειθούς με μέσα γραπτά, προφορικά ή οπτικά. Η ιδέα της ρητορικής τέχνης έχει τις βάσεις της στους κλασικούς χρόνους. Ένα από τα σημαντικότερα έργα της αρχαιότητας πάνω στο αντικείμενο αυτό , που εξακολουθεί να διατηρεί την αξία του  στις μέρες μας, είναι το έργο του Κοϊντιλιανού "Ρητορική Αγωγή"  από την αρχαιότητα.[..........]. Μερικοί από τους μεγαλύτερους ομιλητές της νεότερης εποχής, όπως ο Τζον Φ. Κένεντι και Ουίνστον Τσόρτσιλ, είχαν  μεγάλη γνώση της ρητορικής τέχνης. [.......]. Ακολουθεί μια λίστα  δέκα ρητορικών τρόπων για όσους αγγλομαθείς αναγνώστες ενδιαφέρονται να βελτιώσουν την  τέχνη της πειθούς τους. Οι ελληνομαθείς θα αναζητήσουν τις διασαφήσεις των εννοιών στα ηλεκτρονικά λεξικά. Πηγή:http://listverse.com   10. Polysyndeton (Πολυσύνδετο)   Employing many conjunctions between clauses, often slowing the tempo or rhythm. I said, “Who killed him?” and he said, “I don’t know who killed him but he’s dead all right,” and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was all right only she was full of water. —Ernest Hemingway, “After the Storm.” 9. Asyndeton (Ασύνδετο)   The opposite of polysyndeton – the omission of conjunctions between clauses – employed in a very famous quote: Veni, vidi, vici (Caesar: “I came; I saw; I conquered”) – omitting “and” and “then” Brachylogia is similar to this though it omits conjunctions between single words to give a hurried feel: “John! Rise, eat, leave!”   8. Hysteron- Proteron (Ύστερο-Πρότερο)   I love this one because you can have a lot of fun with it. This is the reversal of words based upon the order of time. This is something we all use often – the best example being: “Put on your shoes and socks” – obviously you must put your socks on first. This is a type of hyperbaton which is simply a reversal of word order without relation to time: “Why should their liberty than ours be more?” Shakespeare. Th’ Antoniad, the Egyptian admiral, With all their sixty, fly and turn the rudder. —Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra 3.10.2    7. Homoioteleuton (Ομοιοτέλευτο) Similarity of endings of adjacent or parallel words. He is esteemed eloquent which can invent wittily, remember perfectly, dispose orderly, figure diversly [sic], pronounce aptly, confirme strongly, and conclude directly. —Peacham 6. Zeugma (Ζεύγμα) A general term describing when one part of speech (most often the main verb, but sometimes a noun) governs two or more other parts of a sentence (often in a series). As Virgil guided Dante through Inferno, the Sibyl Aeneas Avernus. —Roger D. Scott Grammar is the science of good writing; rehetoric the art. —jfrater 5. Metonymy (Μετωνυμία)   Reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes. For example, “He bought a great set of wheels” – wheels being the attribute of the actual object he bought: a car. Another example: “We await word from the crown.” The crown is an attribute of the King, and in this context is a reference to the King himself, not the crown he wears. 4. Litotes Deliberate understatement, especially when expressing a thought by denying its opposite. This is a form of modesty often used to gain favor with one’s audience: It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain. —J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye   3. Anaphora (Αναφορά) Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines. I am certain you will have heard the greatest modern example of this one: We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender[...] Sir Winston Churchill Sir Winston was famed for his great speeches – but what few know is that he would pore over them making great use of rhetoric, and then memorize them. He managed to perform his speeches as if he were speaking from the top of his head. He is recognized as one of the greatest statesmen – and rhetoric is one of the reasons why.   2. Diaskeue (Διασκευή) Something the press should use less often! This is the graphic peristasis (description of circumstances) intended to arouse the emotions. Look at my children, their emaciated cheeks, their bare feet, their hunger to know something more than hunger… 1. Paralipsis (Παράλειψη) This is a wonderful rhetorical trope – it is stating and drawing attention to something in the very act of pretending to pass it over. A kind of irony. “It would be unseemly for me to dwell on Senator Kennedy’s drinking problem, and too many have already sensationalized his womanizing…” _____________________________________________ * Twenty Special Forms of Rhetoric. Μια ξεκαρδιστική αποτύπωση  είκοσι μη-επισήμων ρητορικών φορμών, που όμως αποτελούν μέρος της καθημερινότητας των ανθρώπων.